1/19/2024 0 Comments Four cognitive processes![]() Adhering to confirmation bias would mean paying attention to information that confirms the superiority of organic produce and ignoring or not believing any accounts that suggest otherwise. For example, one might believe that organic produce is inherently better: higher in nutrition, lower in pesticides, and so on. We may base our judgments on a single salient event while we ignore hundreds of other equally informative events that we do not see.Ĭonfirmation bias is the tendency to verify and confirm our existing beliefs and ignore or discount information that disconfirms them. When some stimuli (e.g., those that are colourful, moving, or unexpected) grab our attention, making them more likely to be remembered The tendency to reconstruct a narrative of the past that includes our ability to predict what happened We may feel particularly bad about events that might not have occurred if only a small change had occurred before them. When we “replay” events such that they turn out differently, especially when only minor changes in the events leading up to them make a difference When schemas prevent us from seeing and using information in new and nontraditional waysĬreativity may be impaired by the overuse of traditional, expectancy-based thinking. Once beliefs become established, they become self-perpetuating and difficult to change, regardless of their accuracy. The tendency to verify and confirm our existing memories rather than to challenge and disconfirm them Cognitive processes that pose threats to accuracy Cognitive ProcessĮxamples of Threats to Accurate Reasoning The study of cognitive biases is important, both because it relates to the important psychological theme of accuracy versus inaccuracy in perception and because being aware of the types of errors that we may make can help us avoid them, thereby improving our decision-making skills. ![]() Refer to the table below for specific examples. In this section, we will discover a number of these processes.Ĭognitive biases are errors in memory or judgment that are caused by the inappropriate use of cognitive processes. ![]() While these processes provide us with a level of cognitive efficiency in terms of time and effort, they may result in problem-solving and decision-making that is flawed. Research has shown that human thinking is subject to a number of cognitive processes we all use them routinely, although we might not be aware that we are. We have seen how our cognitive efforts to solve problems can make use of heuristics and algorithms. Explain confirmation bias, how to avoid it, and its role in stereotypes.Ĭognitive biases: Efficiency versus accuracy.Understand why cognitive biases are used.Treating Psychological Disordersġ6.1 Reducing Disorder by Confronting It: Psychotherapyġ6.2 Psychopharmacology and Brain-Based Therapiesġ6.3 Reducing Disorder by Changing the Social Situationġ6.4 Evaluating Treatment and Prevention: What Works? ![]() Psychology in Our Social Livesħ.1 Social Cognition: Making Sense of Ourselves and Othersħ.2 Interacting With Others: Helping, Hurting, and Conformingħ.3 Working With Others: The Costs and Benefits of Social GroupsĨ.2 Problem-Solving: Heuristics and AlgorithmsĨ.3 Cognitive Processes That May Lead to Inaccuracyĩ.2 Individual Differences in Intelligenceĩ.3 Communicating With Others: Development and Use of Languageġ0.2 Long-Term Memory: Categories and Structureġ0.3 Long-Term Memory: Encoding and Storageġ3.2 Infancy and Childhood: Exploring, Learning, and Relatingġ3.4 Adolescence: Developing Independence and Identityġ3.5 Early and Middle Adulthood: Building Effective Livesġ3.6 Late Adulthood: Aging, Retiring, and Bereavementġ4.3 Psychodynamic Origins of Personalityġ4.4 Behaviourist and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personalityġ4.5 Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personalityġ5.1 Psychological Disorder: The Challenges of Definitionġ5.2 Insanity: A History of Mental IllnessĬhapter 16. Brains, Biology, and Behaviourģ.1 Neurons, Neurotransmitters, and Hormonesģ.2 Our Brains Control Our Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviourģ.3 Psychologists Study the Brain Using Many Different Methodsģ.4 Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine Systemģ.6 Genes and Environments: Nature and NurtureĤ.1 Sleeping and Dreaming Revitalize Us for ActionĤ.2 Altering Consciousness With Psychoactive Drugsĥ.5 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in PerceptionĦ.1 Learning by Association: Classical ConditioningĦ.2 Changing Behaviour Through Reinforcement and Punishment: Operant ConditioningĦ.4 Using the Principles of Learning in Everyday LifeĬhapter 7. 1.2 The Evolution of Psychology: History, Approaches, and QuestionsĢ.1 Psychologists Use the Scientific Method to Guide Their ResearchĢ.3 Descriptive and Inferential StatisticsĬhapter 3. ![]()
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